**Introduction** The World Trade Organization (WTO) operates on a consensus-based decision-making system under which decisions are adopted when no member formally objects. This approach reflects the organization’s member-driven structure and the principle of sovereign equality among its 166 members. Consensus is the default rule across most WTO bodies and is central to how agreements are negotiated, adopted, and amended[1]. **Institutional background** The WTO’s decision-making procedures are set out in Article IX of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO. The agreement provides that the WTO “shall continue the practice of decision-making by consensus” that characterized the earlier General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)[1]. Consensus is understood to exist when no member present at the meeting formally objects to the proposed decision[3]. **How does the consensus process operate** **1.** **Absence of formal objection** Consensus does not require every member to actively endorse a proposal. Rather, it requires the absence of formal opposition. If a member present at the meeting states a formal objection, consensus is not achieved and the proposal cannot be adopted[3]. This approach applies to decisions taken in the Ministerial Conference, the General Council, and subsidiary bodies[1]. **2.** **Negotiation before adoption** In practice, proposals are discussed extensively in committees and negotiating groups before being brought forward for formal adoption. Chairs often conduct consultations to resolve concerns before placing an item on the agenda for decision. This informal negotiation phase is essential to reaching consensus among a diverse membership[1]. **3.** **Voting as a legal fallback** Although consensus is the standard approach, the Marrakesh Agreement allows for voting in specific circumstances. Where consensus cannot be reached, decisions may be taken by majority vote depending on the issue at stake (e.g., interpretations or amendments to agreements)[2]. In practice, voting is rarely used for substantive matters, as members generally prefer consensus to preserve legitimacy and shared ownership of outcomes[1]. **Conclusion** The WTO’s consensus-based decision-making process requires the absence of formal objection by any member present before a decision is adopted. Rooted in the GATT tradition and codified in the Marrakesh Agreement, the system reinforces sovereign equality and legitimacy.
