Lehdonvirta, V., B. Wú and Z. Hawkins. (2024). “Compute North vs. Compute South: The Uneven Possibilities of Compute-based AI Governance Around the Globe” Proceedings of the Seventh AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, vol. 7, no.1, pp. 828–838.
Mapping public cloud GPU infrastructure, the report identifies a divide between “Compute North” countries hosting training-capable AI compute, “Compute South” countries focused on deployment, and “Compute Desert” countries with none. The authors assess implications for AI governance, geopolitical leverage, and future inequalities in rule-setting capacity.
Whiting, K. (2025). “What is a small language model and how can businesses leverage this AI tool?” World Economic Forum.
The report examines the growing role of small language models, which are designed for specific tasks using fewer parameters than large models. These systems offer faster deployment, lower energy use, reduced costs, and stronger data control.
World Trade Organization (2025). “World Trade Report 2025: Making trade and AI work together to the benefit of all”.
The report examines the rapidly evolving links between AI and international trade, focusing on labor market impacts and how policy choices can help ensure AI supports more inclusive and broadly shared growth