International Energy Agency (2025), “With new export controls on critical minerals, supply concentration risks become reality”
This report highlights that China is the leading refiner of 19 out of 20 important strategic minerals, with an average market share of 70%. Reliance on a small number of suppliers increases vulnerability to shocks and disruptions, whether from extreme weather, technical failures, or trade disruptions. Adding to these concerns, new rare earth export controls pose major risks for a range of strategic sectors such as energy, defense, and semiconductors.
Center for Strategic & International Studies (2025), “China’s New Rare Earth and Magnet Restrictions Threaten U.S. Defense Supply Chains”
This report explains China’s expanded restrictions on rare earths and permanent magnet exports. It outlines how these export controls strengthen Beijing’s leverage in negotiations with the United States while undercutting US efforts to bolster its industrial base.
OECD (2025), “Export restrictions on critical raw materials rise sharply amid growing demand”
OECD data show that export restrictions on critical raw materials are becoming increasingly widespread as demand surges, driven by the green and digital transitions and rising concerns over economic security.