***
[1] National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers
[2] section 181 of the Trade Act of 1974
[3] From 2013 to 2019, data flow restrictions across APAC economies increased by 600%. See Joshua Meltzer, “The Rush to Regulate Data in the Indo-Pacific,” in ed. Filippo Fasulo, The EU Indo-Pacific Bid: Sailing Through Economic and Security Competition (2023), https://www.ispionline.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/ISPI-Report2023-EUs-Indo-Pacific-Bid-web.pdf; The average cumulative increase in cross-border services trade restrictiveness was five times higher in 2022 than in the year before. OECD, OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index: Policy Trends up to 2023 (2023), https://issuu.com/oecd.publishing/docs/stri_policy_trends_up_to_2023_final. See generally, Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data Restrictiveness Index (2023), https://globaldataalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/07192023gdaindex.pdf
[4] Executive Order on Competition, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/07/09/executive-order-on-promoting-competition-in-the-american-economy/
[5] Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data & Small Business (2023), https://globaldataalliance.org/issues/small-businesses/
[6] Global Data Alliance, Comments to USTR on Worker-Centric Trade Policy (2023), https://globaldataalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/09252023gdaworktradepolicy.pdf
[7] Business Software Alliance, Advancing a Jobs-Centric Digital Trade Policy (2021), at: https://www.bsa.org/files/policy-filings/11132021jobscentricdigitrade.pdf
[8] Mindy Hertzfeld, How to Protect the US Tax Base: Don’t Give it Away, Tax Notes (2023), at: https://www.taxnotes.com/content-viewer?rid=7j572&type=saa&str=am9zZXBod0Bic2Eub3Jn&token=2917b57f-a920-46b6-a274-51b48660873f&utm_campaign=Weekly%20Newsletter&utm_medium=email&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-9s8oXIKch3bh8BYWBqlivJ56A6bcSLEhK6iyDK8_zJWSYgpB0Rr15V7EX3CjvjY2yeW-VDPla7MJzHNta1UJExlIdRng&_hsmi=258093040&utm_content=258093040&utm_source=hs_automation
[9] Global Data Alliance, The Impact of the USTR’s October 25 Action on Biden Administration Priorities and US Interests (2023), https://globaldataalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/11212023gdaustrmemo.pdf ; Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Access to Information and Data Transfers Support US Government Priorities (2023), at:https://globaldataalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/11212023gdaustrback.pdf
[10] Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data & Cybersecurity (2023), https://globaldataalliance.org/issues/cybersecurity/
[11] Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data & Economic Development (2023), https://globaldataalliance.org/issues/economic-development/
[12] Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data & Environmental Sustainability (2023), https://globaldataalliance.org/issues/environmental-sustainability/
[13] Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data & Innovation (2023), https://globaldataalliance.org/issues/innovation/
[14] Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data & Privacy (2023), https://globaldataalliance.org/issues/privacy/
[15] Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data & Regulatory Compliance (2023), https://globaldataalliance.org/issues/regulatory-compliance/
[16] Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data & Small Business (2023), https://globaldataalliance.org/issues/small-businesses/
[17] Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data & Agriculture (2022), at: https://globaldataalliance.org/sectors/agriculture/
[18] Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data & Energy (2022), at: https://globaldataalliance.org/sectors/energy/
[19] Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data & Finance (2022), https://globaldataalliance.org/sectors/finance/
[20] Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data & Medical Technologies (2023), https://globaldataalliance.org/sectors/medical-technology/
[21] Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data & Biopharmaceutical R&D (2022), https://globaldataalliance.org/sectors/biopharmaceutical-rd/
[22] Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data Transfers & Innovation (2020), https://globaldataalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/04012021cbdtinnovation.pdf
[23] WTO, Government Policies to Promote Innovation in the Digital Age, 2020 World Trade Report (2020), at: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/wtr20_e/wtr20-0_e.pdf
[24] See generally, Global Data Alliance, Cross-Border Data Policy Index (2023), at: https://globaldataalliance.org/resource/cross-border-data-policy-index/ (internal citations omitted).
[25] Remarks by Ambassador Katherine Tai at the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s 100th Annual Agriculture Outlook Forum | United States Trade Representative (ustr.gov), https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/speeches-and-remarks/2024/february/remarks-ambassador-katherine-tai-us-department-agricultures-100th-annual-agriculture-outlook-forum
[26] NFTC president: Tai’s comments on EU digital policies a ‘deviation’; USTR disagrees | InsideTrade.com, https://insidetrade.com/trade/nftc-president-tai-s-comments-eu-digital-policies-deviation-ustr-disagrees
[27] USTR Statement on WTO E-Commerce Negotiations | United States Trade Representative, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2023/october/ustr-statement-wto-e-commerce-negotiations
[28] 2023 ASF Videos (aspensecurityforum.org), https://www.aspensecurityforum.org/dc-2023-videos
[29] 2023 ASF Videos (aspensecurityforum.org), https://www.aspensecurityforum.org/dc-2023-videos
[30] LETTER: Orgs send letter to Katherine Tai on expected changes to the upcoming NTE report | Rethink Trade, https://rethinktrade.org/letters-filings/letter-to-katherine-tai-on-expected-changes-to-the-upcoming-nte-report/
[31] Congressional Statements on USTR’s WTO JSI Action (globaldataalliance.org), https://globaldataalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/11212023gdaustrcomp.pdf
[32] 02.26.2024_-_letter_to_ustr.pdf (house.gov)
[33] duncan_joyce-digital-trade-letter_final.pdf (house.gov)
[34] Trusted Cross-Border Data Flows: A National Security Priority | Lawfare (lawfaremedia.org)
[35] Reversal of US Trade Policy Threatens the Free and Open Internet | TechPolicy.Press
[36] China Gains as U.S. Abandons Digital Policy Negotiations | Lawfare (lawfaremedia.org)
[37] The Human Rights Costs of Data Localization Around the World | TechPolicy.Press
[38] Coalition Letter Urging Biden Administration to Protect Free and Open Internet | American Civil Liberties Union (aclu.org)
[39] USTR Upends U.S. Negotiating Position on Cross-Border Data Flows (csis.org)
[40] Unraveling the Impact of USTR’s WTO Reversal on Cybersecurity and Global Trade — CR2 (crx2.org)
[41] CNAS Responds: APEC Summit | Center for a New American Security (en-US)
[42] Small-Business-Ltr-re-USTR-Digital-Trade-3-Nov-2023-w-cosigners-1.pdf (actonline.org)
[43] (25) USTR's Disastrous 180 on Digital Trade | LinkedIn
[44] How the USTR Reversal on Digital Trade Could Affect U.S. Companies, Workers | U.S. Chamber of Commerce (uschamber.com)
[45] BSA and GDA: USTR Decision Undermines US Economic and Democratic Interests | Business Software Alliance
[46] Business Roundtable Calls for Reset on Trade Following IPEF Ministerial Meeting | Business Roundtable
[47] U.S. Chamber and Other Associations Letter to NSC/NEC on Digital Trade | U.S. Chamber of Commerce (uschamber.com)
[48] New Study: Trade Supported Over 40 Million American Jobs | Business Roundtable
[49] Myths Vs. Facts: Cross-Border Data and Access to Information (globaldataalliance.org)
[50] C. Peter McColough Series on International Economics with Katherine Tai | Council on Foreign Relations (cfr.org)
[51] CURIA - Documents (europa.eu), https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=279601&doclang=EN
[52] Importance of Cross-Border Data for US Government Interests (globaldataalliance.org)
[53] Bipartisan resentment grows as Biden pursues new trade talks - POLITICO