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[1] Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), “APEC Mining Activities,” January 2022
[2] International Energy Agency, “The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions,” May 2021
[3] International Energy Agency
[4] Agnes Chang and Keith Bradsher, “Can the World Make an Electric Car Battery without China?” New York Times, May 16
[5] Nick Ferris, “Why Critical Mineral Supplies Won’t Scupper the Energy Transition,” Energy Monitor, June 23, 2021
[6] See “Minerals Security Partnership,” U.S. Department of State, Media Note, June 14, 2022; “Fact Sheet: In Asia, President Biden and a Dozen Indo-Pacific Partners Launch the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity,” White House, May 23, 2022; and G-7, “Five-Point Plan for Critical Minerals Security,” annex to the “Climate, Energy and Environment Ministers’ Communique,” 2023
[7] APEC, “APEC Mining Activities.”
[8] “Statement of the 6th Meeting of the APEC Ministers Responsible for Mining Meeting (MRM6),” APEC, August 23, 2018
[9] “U.S. Geological Survey Releases 2022 List of Critical Minerals,” U.S. Geological Survey, Press Release, February 22, 2022; and British Geological Survey, World Mineral Production, 2017–2021 (Nottingham: British Geological Survey, 2023)
[10] Cullen Hendrix, “Indonesia Wants to Sell Nickel to the U.S., but First It Should Scrap Its Export Bans,” Peterson Institute for International Economics, April 26, 2023
[11] World Bank, “Climate-Smart Mining: Minerals for Climate Action,” May 26, 2019
[12] Kristin Vekasi, “Building Resilient Critical Mineral Supply Chains: Lessons from Japan and South Korea,” in “Critical Minerals: Global Supply Chains and Indo-Pacific Geopolitics,” National Bureau of Asian Research, NBR Special Report, no. 102, December 2022
[13] “G7 Climate, Energy and Environment Ministers’ Communique,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan), April 16, 2023
[14] Kyla H. Kitamura, “U.S.-Japan Critical Minerals Agreement,” Congressional Research Service, Insight, IN12152, May 17, 2023
[15] “Indo-Pacific Nations Vow to Fortify Supply Chains for Critical Items,” Japan Times, May 28, 2023