[1] https://www.hinrichfoundation.com/research/article/trade-policy/us-muddled-dealmaking-in-asia
[2] https://www.mti.gov.sg/newsroom/singapore-hosts-inaugural-future-of-investment-and-trade-partnership-ministerial-meeting-/
[3] Observers currently include Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Peru, Philippines and Thailand.
[4] Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United Kingdom and Vietnam.
[5] https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-launches-trade-and-investment-dialogue-trans-pacific-bloc-2025-11-20_en and https://asean.org/joint-ministerial-statement-on-the-occasion-of-the-inaugural-trade-and-investment-dialogue-between-the-comprehensive-and-progressive-agreement-for-trans-pacific-partnership-and-the-association-of-sout/
[6] Counting the 12 current CPTPP members, 27 European Union governments, and seven ASEAN members not yet a part of the CPTPP (with the addition of Timor Leste on 17 Oct 2025).
[7] https://www.hinrichfoundation.com/research/article/trade-policy/prepare-to-pay-more-for-digital-services
[8] https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/in-force/cptpp/joint-ministerial-statement-occasion-ninth-commission-meeting-cptpp
[9] Specific areas called up for updating and enhancement through negotiations included: Electronic Commerce, Trade in Services, Customs Administration and Trade Facilitation, Competitiveness and Business Facilitation, and Trade and Women's Economic Empowerment. Members were also asked to update provisions on: Investment, State-Owned Enterprises, Innovation, Gender Mainstreaming, Economic Coercion, and Market Distorting Practices.
[10] https://www.hinrichfoundation.com/research/infographics/four-reasons-why-there-little-pushback-against-us-tariffs