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[1] Michael J. Enright, Developing China: The Remarkable Impact of Foreign Direct Investment, Routledge, 2017.
[2] See Dezan Shira & Associates, "China’s 2022 Negative List for Market Access: Restrictions Cut, Financial Sector Opening," China Briefing, April 12, 2022, https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-2022-negative-list-for-market-access-restrictions-cut-financial-sector-opening/ accessed August 17, 2024.
[3] See Dezan Shira & Associates, "China’s Negative List for Foreign Investment Access (New Edition): English Version Available," China Briefing, December 28, 2021, https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-foreign-investment-negative-list-2021-edition-english-version/ accessed August 17, 2024.
[4] For foreign reactions to the Made in China 2025 Program, see European Chamber of Commerce in China, China Manufacturing 2025: Putting Industrial Policy Ahead of Market Forces, March 7, 2017, https://www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/press-releases/2532 accessed August 17, 2024 and U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Made in China 2025: Global Ambitions Built on Local Protections, March 16, 2017, https://www.uschamber.com/international/made-china-2025-global-ambitions-built-local-protections-0 accessed August 17, 2024.
[5] Julie Wernau, "Forced Tech Transfers Are on the Rise in China, European Firms Say," The Wall Street Journal, May 19, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/forced-tech-transfers-are-on-the-rise-in-china-european-firms-say-11558344240 accessed August 18, 2024.
[6] Nicole Sganga, "Chinese hackers took trillions in intellectual property from about 30 multinational companies," CBS News, May 4, 2022, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chinese-hackers-took-trillions-in-intellectual-property-from-about-30-multinational-companies/, accessed August 17, 2024.
[7] Reed Smith, China’s Cybersecurity Law, January 2018, accessed August 18, 2024.
[8] Mike Orcutt, "China’s Unprecedented Cyber Law Signals Its Intent to Protect a Precious Commodity: Data," MIT Technology Review, June 1, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/01/105843/chinas-unprecedented-cyber-law-signals-its-intent-to-protect-a-precious-commodity-data/ accessed August 18, 2024.
[9] Jill Goldenziel, "China’s Anti-Espionage Law Raises Foreign Business Risk," Forbes, July 3, 2023, https://www.forbes.com/sites/jillgoldenziel/2023/07/03/chinas-anti-espionage-law-raises-foreign-business-risk/, accessed August 18, 2024.
[10] Narayanan Somasundaram, "China anti-sanctions law to put squeeze on foreign companies," Nikkei Asia, June 11, 2021, https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/China-anti-sanctions-law-to-put-squeeze-on-foreign-companies accessed August 20, 2024.
[11] Matthew Brooker, "Communist Party Cells? Nothing to See Here," Bloomberg, July 28, 2022, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-07-28/communist-party-cells-at-your-company-s-office-in-china-nothing-to-see-here accessed August 18, 2024.
[12] Dennis Kwok and Sam Goodman, "Chinese Communist Cells in Western Firms?," The Wall Street Journal, July 11, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/communist-cells-in-western-firms-business-investment-returns-xi-jinping-11657552354 accessed August 18, 2024.
[13] Spencer Feingold, "Where is China’s economy headed?," World Economic Forum, June 27, 2024, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/06/china-economic-outlook-growth-trade/, accessed August 18, 2024.
[14] See, for example, Bain and Company, China FMCG: Navigating through Turbulent Times, June 23, 2022, https://www.bain.com/insights/china-shopper-report-2022/ accessed August 18, 2024.
[15] "South Korea's Lotte seeks to exit China after investing $[SGD]9.6 billion, as Thaad fallout ensues" The Straits Times, March 13, 2019, https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/south-koreas-lotte-seeks-to-exit-china-after-investing-96-billion accessed January 16, 2023 and "Lotte pulls out of China and focuses on Southeast Asia," Retail in Asia, May 27, 2022, https://retailinasia.com/featured/lotte-pulls-out-china-southeast-asia/ accessed August 18, 2024.
[16] Ju-min Park, "Samsung ends mobile phone production in China," Reuters, October 2, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-samsung-elec-china-idUSKBN1WH0LR accessed August 20, 2024.
[17] "Samsung Electronics to halt production at its last computer factory in China," Reuters, August 1, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-samsung-elec-china-pc-idUSKBN24X3K4 accessed August 20, 2024.
[18] Arwa Mahdawi, "Norway criticised over snub to Dalai Lama during Nobel committee visit," The Guardian, May 6, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/06/norway-snub-dalai-lama-nobel-visit accessed August 18, 2024.
[19] "China Canceled H&M. Every Other Brand Needs to Understand Why," Bloomberg News, March 14, 2022, https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2022-china-canceled-hm/, accessed August 20, 2024.
[20] Michael Walsh, "Norway once felt China's wrath – what can Australia learn from them?," ABD [Australia] News, September 3, 2020, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-09-04/norway-once-felt-chinas-wrath-what-can-australia-learn-from-them/12621056 accessed August 18, 2024 and Tasha Wibawa, "Australia and China's relationship has been turbulent. Here are some recent key moments," ABC [Australia] News, September 2, 2020, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-09-03/china-australia-deteriorating-trade-diplomatic-relationship/12618738 accessed August 18, 2024.
[21] J. Stewart Black and Allen J. Morrison, "The Strategic Challenges of Decoupling," Harvard Business Review, May-June 2021, https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/S21032-PDF-ENG accessed August 18, 2024.
[22] McKinsey Global Institute, China and the world: Inside the dynamics of a changing relationship, July 1, 2019, https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/china/china-and-the-world-inside-the-dynamics-of-a-changing-relationship accessed August 18, 2024.
[23] Brendan Murray, "Why Biden Is Doubling Down on Trump’s China Tariffs," Bloomberg News, May 23, 2024, https://news.bloomberglaw.com/antitrust/why-biden-is-doubling-down-on-trumps-china-tariffs-quicktake, accessed August 18, 2024.
[24] Ken Moritsugu, "European companies are less upbeat about China’s vast market as its economy slows," AP, May 10, 2024, https://apnews.com/article/china-foreign-business-european-chamber-d0f2df56553e4aa41af65171bb84f8b8, accessed August 18, 2024.
[25] Elaine Kurtenbach, "Tensions between Beijing and Washington are the biggest worry for US companies in China," AP, April 23, 2024, https://apnews.com/article/china-foreign-business-biden-7ca061b49b1c1d3d42cbf7e5dfb760c8, accessed August 18, 2024.